The Conflict Model Of The Eyes And Eyes - 2859 Words

Part One Rachel, Rachel is a film that depicts the life of Rachel Cameron, through the eyes and ears of Rachel Cameron herself. At thirty-five, she is a second grade teacher who lives with her widowed mother in the small town of Japonica, Connecticut. In this film, she divulges all, in which every thought, feeling, and desire she had is visible to the audience. This means the audience has access to private information about her (i.e., personal information that would normally be known only to her but ambiguous to everyone else). This allows for sufficient identification of a personality to be made. And so, the personality theory that best suits Rachel is the conflict model. Throughout the film, Rachel exhibits several defining traits that identifies with Otto Rank’s intrapsychic version of the conflict model. This theory revolves around the life and death instincts, in which conflict of self arises from the fear of life and the fear of death. In his conflict model of the personality the ory, Otto Rank suggests that there are three different peripheral personality types. Those three types include the artist, the neurotic, and the average person. The ideal personality type is the artist – the person who (1) accepts both the fear of life and the fear of death, (2) accepts both the inevitable pressure towards individuation and the unavoidable longing for union, and (3) achieves integration of the two. This typically includes people who show a high degree of differentiation andShow MoreRelatedCrime And The Justice System836 Words   |  4 Pagestreats illegal activities like a business), and high-tech crimes (cyber-crimes). The two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal; one is called consensus model, and two is conflict model. Consensus model is the act in which it conflicts with the beliefs and values a society uphold taking diversity in consideration, but sees eye to eye on common grounds. Conflict model is a group who holds the power to control society and at its worst even political dealings. Choice theoryRead Moremr dddsdddd1164 Words   |  5 PagesUniversals of IPC What is interpersonal communication? Nature of IPC: dyadic approach a. Dyadic b. Dyadic primacy c. Dyads Two types of dyadic connection: a. Dyadic coalition b. Dyadic consciousness Elements of Interpersonal Communication: (the model of IPC) a. Source-Receiver (encode, decode) b. Messages (feedback message, feed forward message) c. Channel d. Noise (Physical, Physiological, Psychological, Semantic) e. Context (Physical, Temporal, Social-psychological, Cultural) Axioms ofRead More conflict management styles Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesConflict Management Styles nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;How many people have conflicts with there parents? This is not a uncommon thing for young adults to show conflict with their parents. Conflicts are something that occur very often and it seems as though young adults have lots of conflicts with their parents. Some young adults feel as though, if they are eighteen, nineteen, or twenty that they are able to make their own decisions. Whether it be staying out pastRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesbarriers that could result in conflicts, therefore, enhancing an HP s communication and conflict management skills is highly relevant. Showing respect and empathy to patients and fellow HP builds an effective therapeutic and interprofessional relationships. Health professionals must apply one of the communication models such as the Transactional model of communication. Healthcare professionals must deliberate some communication strategies, such as applying models of communication while caring forRead MoreThe Case Study Refers That â€Å"Aspiraid Company Took The Chance1194 Words   |  5 Pagesinteraction between customers. However, the extension of their brand in Latin America and Japan would help the company to build a more consistent representation of the quality of their products. In this essay, I will analyze different communication models that could help to break down any language barriers. Before Aspiraid Company makes the decision to go overseas and sell their products into the new market, they should first study the verbal and nonverbal communication messages of the culture systemsRead MoreThe Workplace Conflict Of The Volunteer870 Words   |  4 PagesA workplace conflict that I am experiencing has to deal with a titled volunteer who is not performing their job functions satisfactory to the organization s goals. This particular position is responsible for the financial transactions of the organization. Things that they are needed to do is to pay bills, report on time and other financial activities. When the volunteer was communicated with they responded with an extremely caustic attitude and shortness. In addition, the volunteer has refused toRead MoreLessons From the Past, An Eye to the Future: Aims of Full Spectrum Operations Training1157 Words   |  5 PagesLessons from the Past, An Eye to the Future United States Army Abstract An argument outlining the aims of Full Spectrum Operations and its alignment with the demands of a 21st century reality. Considers the move from a hierarchical to lateral command and control structure. The benefits of more immediate feedback loops for organizational aims, as well as front line leaders and troops. Lessons from the Past, An Eye to the Future In response to a question of preparedness, former Defense SecretaryRead MoreDear Sacramento Chinese Community Service Center,. I Have1409 Words   |  6 Pagescourse and have discovered a great deal of information that I believe can be extremely beneficial to our agency’s communication effectiveness. I invite you all to think back to one of our previous meetings, do you recall any of the following? A lack of eye contact, a lack of enthusiasm, and frustrated looks on faces? How about an overall sense of discontent so much so that people are disengaged and have started using their laptops and phones, and some are even leaving early after arriving late. TheseRead MoreLooking At The Late Antique World963 Words   |  4 Pagespraesentia. Brown saw the conflict in models of healing as cricuial to the rise of Christianity. It is in a conflict of models of healing, therefore, that we can sense the impact of the rise of Christianity.† That is, the praesentia of the saints allow ed for â€Å"the advancement of Christianity beyond the towns,† and, in the form of relic and shrine, brought together â€Å"human interaction with an invisible, ideal human being, wielding ideal praesentia.† Brown’s work Through the Eye of a Needle: Wealth, theRead MoreThe Worlds Largest Eyewear Company1402 Words   |  6 PagesLuxottica is the world’s largest eyewear company. It is a vertically integrated company which includes the designer, manufacturer, distributor and retailer of eye wear. Popular brands owned by Luxottica are Ray-Ban and Oakley. In addition, the company is the owner of Lens-crafters, Sunglass Hut, Pearle Vision, Sears Optical, Target Optical, Eye-med vision insurance. Luxottica’s North America headquarters is in Cincinnati, Ohio. Literature Review The significance of early negotiations in careers is

Divorces Have Negative Effects on Children Essay - 1050 Words

Introduction In our nation divorce is a big part of life. Divorce is the legal dissolution of marriage or the termination of an existing relationship or union. Divorce starts with two adults but always ends up impacting the children in the biggest way. Sons and daughters of divorce often feel confused and abandoned, lose their family structure, and experience identity crisis. Many parents never bother to think of how divorce will affect their children. Children are impacted by divorce in multiple ways. For the most part the impact is negative. Children feel they have to choose a side to get love from a parent. They are taught to lie and to keep secrets from one parent in order to protect another parent. In a divorce, the†¦show more content†¦The bond between the parents and the children changes and it will never be the same either. Some adults may be able to deal with emotional situations better than children. Having both parents in the home gives a child a sense of security . For children divorce can be stressful, sad, and confusing at any age. While parents may be devastated or relieved by the divorce, children are invariably frightened and confused by the threat to their security. Studies show that kids are never the same emotionally after the divorce of their parents and it also in most cases affects their marital success. As many couples head to court seeking divorce, most never think of their children and how they feel about the situation. Parents don’t consider the toll their decision will have on the children. Most parents assume that everything will work out but recent reports show from What the Children Go Through that things only get worse for the children after their parents separate. Some kids may think that they are the cause for their parent’s breakup. Many children assume the responsibility for bringing their parents back together, causing them additional stress. This is where the child is affected at, with all the stress added on from their parents’ divorce plus them trying to get their parents back together where is it time for them to focus on school? The conflict within that household leads on to outside problems in life. In most cases if a child gets into aShow MoreRelatedthe effects of divorce on children and adolescents Essay example1035 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The effects of Divorce on Children and adolescents Divorce or the parent separation is a major life change for the children and can lead to dreadful consequences. Divorce affects children and adolescents negatively, from different aspects resulting from the change in their family and the multiple stressors that they are facing. The Psychological, educational, emotional and social effects of divorce can be really devastating for both parent and children. Children andRead MoreThe Effects Of Divorce On Child Development1194 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Divorce on Child Development I met the love of my life in my financial accounting class. He was charming, and intelligent, and he carried himself well. Early into our relationship I realized underneath this assuring exterior, was a broken, unstable man. He had issues with trust, and he always took many health risks. He explained to me how hard it was for him to attach himself to people because he figured they would leave anyways. Nothing is forever. he seemed to believe. On topRead MoreHow Divorce Has Changed Changing Society1491 Words   |  6 Pagesanalyze correlation, causation, and effect. One topic that has benefited from the use of statistics to measure its effects is divorce. Divorce is defined as the legal process of dissolving a marriage, thus separating two individuals (Merriam). From generation to generation, divorce has been on a steady increase. The annual rate of divorce more than doubled between the mid-1960s and the early 1980s (Croteau). As of recent, statistics show an increase in divorce ra tes from less than 20% to nearly 50%Read MoreEssay about The Effects of Divorce in American Culture1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of divorce on the American culture are immense. Social scientists have been studying these effects for many years now. The studies are continuing to confirm that the climbing rate of divorce in the American culture is hurting the society and also frequently devastating the lives of many American children. More often than not people decide to get a divorce before they really think about the effects of divorce. People usually decide to get a divorce based on emotion rather than logic whichRead MoreThe Impact of Divorce on Children1482 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Divorce on Children Emily Grandy Abstract The discussion entitled The Impact of Divorce on Children takes an in-depth look at the impact divorce has on children academics. Research has shown that children that have experienced divorce amongst their parents are two times as likely to repeat a grade level. In addition research has discovered children of divorced parents are five times as likely to be expelled or suspended from the school system. College students in research surveysRead MoreEssay about How Divorce is Affecting the American Culture1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe effects of divorce on the American culture are immense. Social scientists have been studying these effects for many years now. The studies are continuing to confirm that the climbing rate of divorce in the American culture is hurting the society and also frequently devastating the lives of many American children. There are many areas in which divorce has a negative effect in the life of a child or an adult. Many of these effects also directly correlat e to the effect on a society. HoweverRead MoreDivorce Negative Effects1285 Words   |  6 Pages2017 A Positive Outlook on a Divorce Divorce is always a dreadful experience in a persons life, especially a childs’. When parents divorce, children are left hopeless and confused. A divorce can cause a child to have a variety of different reactions. The effects on the child are much more important than the actual divorce. A divorce causes the most damage to the children in the divorce. Each child sees a divorce differently, but most divorces have a negative impact on the childs life. WhenRead MoreMarriage Is The Symbol Of A Man And A Woman989 Words   |  4 Pagesshould talk to their children they are getting divorced if they do not love each other anymore. In addition, a lot of parents also consider whether their separation will bring some negatives effects to their children in the future. Not only in America, but also in China, this kind of situation is a common occurrence. From the article â€Å"Separating† and an experience of my friend, people like to believe that the divorce of their parents will t ruly bring some long lasted negative influences such as overreactionRead MoreDivorce Is A Huge Issue Of Concern1622 Words   |  7 PagesDivorce is a huge issue of concern in the UK as in the rate in which couples divorce is rapidly increasing . More than half of the couples in the UK had at least one child aged under 16 in 2007.The number of divorces in England and wales have increased to a total of 118,140 divorces in 2012, which is an increase of 0.5 percent since 2011.Statistics showed that women were allowed 65 percent of all divorces , 9,703 men and 6,026 women aged over 60 got divorced. It has also shown that 42 percent ofRead MoreDivorce808 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the past to present, people all over the world have determined to get marriage. Nevertheless, some couples are unable to maintain their relationship so they choose to divorce, which is one of the solutions to cope with problems between a husband and wife. Most people claim to think carefully before they get m arried, but the divorce rates continue to increase. There are three main causes of divorce: the changing of a man and a woman s role, stress in modern living and the lack of communication

Kafka and the Dramatisation of the Guilty Free Essays

Kafka†¦ draws the reader into the dramatization of the (guilty) failure to arrive, to communicate, to understand. And it is this movement which he describes again and again, not only on the level of rational discourse, but on a great many levels. -Heller Heller’s statement is at best a rather enigmatic one: riddled with unanswered questions and uncertainties. We will write a custom essay sample on Kafka and the Dramatisation of the Guilty or any similar topic only for you Order Now The reader of Heller’s statement would first ask himself how Kafka†¦ draws the reader into the dramatization, then would question the failure to arrive, to communicate, to understand: arrive, communicate, understand what? Thirdly, one asks oneself what is the movement he describes again and again: drawing the reader into the dramatization or the failure to arrive, communicate, understand. And lastly, one wonders what the â€Å"many levels† are that Kafka uses to communicate the rather ambiguous â€Å"movement†. The failure to arrive is a recurrent theme throughout the novel. Probably the best example of it is the failure to arrive at a judgement. K is on trial for the entirety of the novel, and never is judgement passed on him. He is waiting for the court to arrive at a judgement during the course of the novel, yet at the end he is only punished: the court never arrives at a judgement. This can be applied to most of the book: for instance K’s failure to arrive at the first hearing on time and the failure of his case to arrive at the highest courts. It is if events are placed in suspense, their conclusion shimmering ever so faintly in the distance and the reader, like Tantalus, attempts to attain the unattainable. Failure to arrive may indicate that in â€Å"The Trial† the journey or process is more important than its conclusion; was the original German manuscript not actually called â€Å"Der Prozess†? However, whatever be the meaning of the failure to arrive, it is ins trumental in creating tension as the conclusion continues to be elusive. The failure to arrive can possibly be linked with the failure to communicate in that if one is still in the process of thinking and has not yet arrived at a conclusion, one would find it difficult to accurately describe the thought process to another, hence the failure to communicate. I believe that the most accurate way to define the failure to communicate can be found in Brink’s interpretation of the novel. Brink sees language in â€Å"The Trial† as being unable to communicate anything. Take, for example, the advocate’s speeches. They are entirely superfluous: Huld turns endlessly around the point with out actually addressing it. Whether this is due to the inadequacy of language or to whether there actually is a point or not one is not sure, but there is clearly a failure to communicate. I believe that the concept of failure to communicate in The Trial is perhaps partly created by the language used in the novel, most of which convey only abstracted logical conc epts. The language used has no substance and therefore it is completely detached from reality: the syntax is correct but it makes no sense at all. Failure to understand also plays an extremely important rà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½le in the novel. It can be seen to follow on directly from the failure to communicate: if one person cannot communicate, the other cannot understand. Perhaps the most important instance of failure to understand is K’s failure to understand the court system. He never seems to develop an adequate understanding of it from those who have or claim to have an understanding of it. They are unable to communicate their understanding to K, thus keeping K from arriving at an understanding or conclusion. This of course brings us back to the failure to arrive (at a conclusion) which in turns leads to the failure to communicate, and so on. According to Heller, Kafka dramatizes these failures by creating forms in which they can interact with each other, i.e. characters. It is into this dramatization that Kafka draws us by a rather clever usage of basic trait of human nature. Human nature is rather curious by definition, and Kafka uses this facet of human nature to entice the reader into a complete immersion in the world of â€Å"The Trial†. The failure to arrive at any conclusion or judgement is rather intriguing in that it creates a permanent sense of tension: a menace hanging over one’s head in suspended animation and the goal almost visible in the distance. One does not know whether it will remain suspended, spring to life, or whether it is there at all. Indeed, one does not know if there really is a point or conclusion. This uncertainty, however, does not stop our pursuit of the glittering conclusion. The sight of it makes the state of uncertainty even more unbearable and the elusive conclusion yet mor e desirable. One is enticed into entering deeper into a tangle of uncertainties by this lure. The failure to communicate supports this. By using extremely ambiguous language, devoid of any substance and meaning, one is constantly held in a state of uncertainty. Bathed in this uncertainty, we feel the need to understand, to resolve the uncertainties. The failure to understand throughout the novel is echoed in the mind of the reader: if the narrator and/or the text know nothing and/or communicate nothing it is natural that the reader is maintained in a situation where he understands nothing and his curiosity is aroused. Eventually the reader to becomes part of the drama. His failures to understand, communicate and arrive echo those in the novel and reinforce them, plunging the reader yet deeper into the labyrinth without a center. This movement is a downward cycle in which confusion begets confusion, drawing the reader deeper and deeper into the text in a downward spiral. Heller declares that it is this movement which is described and communicated again and again throughout the text. It is indeed correct that this movement is repeated again and again: it is a chain reaction in which some begets more of the same and so on and so forth. However, one wonders how Kafka manages to communicate this to the reader. It is certainly almost impossible to explain it through the medium of language since it has been explained in the text that language is ambiguous and only confounds and obfuscates. Yet by it’s own definition then, it is perfectly suited to describe this movement and feeling in the novel. Kafka uses the container, and not the content, in order to communicate the movement to his readers. Yet in a sense the content, or rather the lack of it, also helps to communicate the movement. One expects that a container contains. It is logical that and object should fulfill its definition. In ascribing to this logic, one falls even deeper into the text as one searches for meaning and substance. One becomes lost and confused wading through all the superfluous packaging searching for the content. But there is no center; there is no content. We echo K in his search for the high court, the nub of the court system. He fails because there is no nub; there is no high court. How to cite Kafka and the Dramatisation of the Guilty, Papers

Pharmacology for Dopamine and Neurotrnsmitter- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePharmacology for Dopamine and Neurotrnsmitter. Answer: Abstract Parkinsons disease is a long-term degenerative disorder in which the main effect is on the central nervous system of the body. The present video is on Parkinsons disease which mainly focuses on the pharmacological principles of managing the condition. A discussion is also put up regarding the pathophysiology of the disorder, relevance to practice and other considerations. The central nervous system is responsible for maintaining the chemical environment within the body for normal living processes. Parkinsons disease is marked by death of cells in the brain and the presence of Lewy bodies which are accumulations of protein alpha-synuclein. The basal ganglia exert a constant inhibitory influence on motor system with the help of dopamine, a neurotrnsmitter, controlling their activation. In case of Parkinsons disease, there are low levels of dopamine, leading to production of hypokinesia and reduction in motor output. Pharmacological treatment of Parkinsons disease focuses on the restoration of required level of dopamine in the brain. The drugs that are commonly administered for treating the symptoms of the disease are L-DOPA, dopamine agonists, Monoamine Oxidase B inhibitors, Amantadine, Anticholinergics and Catechol O-Methyl Transferase Inhibitors. L-DOPA is the main class of drugs used which is commonly known as Levodopa. It is a metabolic precursor of the catecholamine neurotransmitter dopamine. It is responsible for replenishing the depleted striatal dopamine. The pharmacokinetics is highly satisfactory. The drug is mainly administered orally. However, there are a number of side effects presented by the patient such as drowsiness, insomnia, agitation, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and tachychardia. Precautions are to be taken while administering the medication. Patients suffering from this debilitating condition are to be provided with customized nursing care so that individualized needs of the patients are met. There immense potential for new research on Parkinsons disease in the future especially related to pharmacological management.

Dictatorship in Latin America

The political landscape of Latin American countries has often been dominated by dictators who took virtually complete control of the state. In many cases, these people relied on violence and suppression of their political opponents or activists who could not accept totalitarian rule (The War on Democracy).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Dictatorship in Latin America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper is aimed examining the impact of these political regimes on people living in Latin America. Moreover, it is critical to show why dictators could come to power in these countries and retain this authority for a long time. These are the main issues that should be discussed more closely. In the course of history, various Latin American countries could be governed by dictators. For example, one can mention Ecuador, Paraguay, or Chile. These people could use various strategies in order to retain their power. For instance, one can mention that during the rule of Augusto Pinochet nearly 3000 people disappeared (Johnson 71). This dictator adopted the policy of state-sponsored assassination (Johnson 71). Furthermore, it is important to mention the constitution adopted by Pinochet administration in 1980. This constitution undermined the possibility of any democratic reform in Chile. Moreover, the state was authorized to use torture against the people who opposed to the totalitarian government. Apart from that, those people, who were responsible for these crimes, were not brought to justice. Similar political regimes existed in other countries such as El Salvador, Argentina, or Nicaragua which were also governed by the totalitarian leaders. These examples are important for understanding the strategies of political dictators. Moreover, their activities produced disruptive effects on various Latin American societies. This is of the main arguments that can be put forward. This problem can be explai ned by several factors. For example, it is possible to speak about increased economic inequalities between people. These inequalities increased the likelihood of political conflicts in these societies. Moreover, the elites in Latin American countries supported military coups because they believed that the military leaders would protect their financial interests (Johnson 37; Ezrow 38). They did not oppose to the idea of totalitarian state provided that such a state could protect their property (Johnson 37). Secondly, one should not forget about military intervention into the political life of Latin American countries.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, the United States played an important role in shaping the political regime of Latin American states (The War on Democracy). In particular, the released documents of the CIA indicate that the American government supported anti-com munist dictators in Chile, Bolivia, and Venezuela (Johnson 71). This topic is examined in the film The War on Democracy directed by John Pilger. This documentary is aimed at demonstrating that the history of Latin America can largely be explained by the influence of foreign governments (The War on Democracy). This is another issue that should be taken into account. It is important for understanding the history of these countries. This discussion suggests that political dictatorship in Latin America affected the lives of many people many of whom could be killed, tortured, or imprisoned. To some degree, this situation can be explained by the internal conflicts within these societies that can be explained by economic inequalities. However, it is critical to remember about foreign intervention, especially the support which the U.S. government to many anti-communist dictators. This is the main point that can be made. Works Cited Ezrow, Natasha. Dictators and Dictatorships: Understanding Authoritarian Regimes  and Their Leaders, New York: Continuum, 2011. Print. Johnson, Sterling. Peace Without Justice: Hegemonic Instability Or International  Criminal Law?, New York: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003. Print. The War on Democracy. Ex. Prod. John Pilger. London: Youngheart Entertainment, 2007. DVD. This essay on Dictatorship in Latin America was written and submitted by user Braeden Espinoza to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chekhov and Mauassant essays

Chekhov and Mauassant essays The Darling by Anton Chekhov and The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant are very similar pieces of writing even though they were written fifteen years apart and in two separate countries (Russia and France respectively). In both stories we have a woman who loses something at a point in her life, and she is forever a different person because of it. Precisely looking at a passage from The Darling and a passage from The Necklace, one can notice many similarities between the two stories. The passage from Chekhovs The Darling starting on page 298 and finishing on page 299 from Now she was absolutely alone. (298) To And she would shake the kitten off her skirt and say... (299). This passage, written in the third person, takes place after the main character Olenka (Olga) is absolutely alone. At this point, her father has been dead for a long while, her first husband Kukin had passed away, her second husband Pustovalov had just died, and her friend Vladimir Platonitch had left her. At this point, she is very depressing, yet no one feels sorrow for her any longer. They no longer look at her as they used to and did not smile at her. She does not enjoy life anymore. She sits at her porch and looks without interest. In Guy de Maupassants The Necklace, Madame Loisel changes through her loss of a friends necklace. During the time the Loisels are repaying the loans back, Mme. Loisel changes drastically. She goes from a young woman in heart and physical appearance to strong and hard and rough. This is clearly evident in the passage on page 980 to 981 at Mme. Loisel now knew the horrible existence of the needy (980) to How little a thing is needed for us to be lost or to be saved! (981) Mme. Loisel, aged from the ten h...

Credit Scoring and Its Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Credit Scoring and Its Impact - Essay Example It has an important influence on the interest rate incorporated to the borrowed money. With the significance of credit score, knowing it enables an individual to question the accuracy of the score, and as a result, negotiates the best rates with lenders. A credit score is purchased separately and is not a part of a consumer credit report. One may purchase a credit score from a consumer credit reporting agency, who can charge him/her with a reasonable fee.4 Credit scores are used other than determining whether a person will default on a loan or make late payments. Low credit scores are used by usurers in order to identify individuals whom they believe are likely to make claims on their insurance policies. An accurate credit score can enable interest rates be charged on loans and can make a difference on the availability and cost of insurance.5 Mathematics models are used in calculating credit score, which analyzes the creditworthiness of a person. The amount and types of debt that a person owes are considered by the models. The person's repayment history will then be analyzed alongside thousands of other consumers in the credit store. Important factors that determine a consumer's credit score are his/her previous payment behavior, the amount of money he/she owes, the length of time that he/she has held outstanding credit, the type of credit he/she uses, how much credit is available to him/her, and whether there are inquiries from prospective lenders in his/her file.6 The amount of available credit that a consumer is using is one of the most important factors in his credit score. When credit card companies do not report the credit limits on a consumer's account, the consumer's credit scores can be lower tan they should be. This is because most credit scoring systems substitute the highest balance for the missing credit lim it. Since it will appear that he is using all of his available credit, the borrower's credit score will become lower. Thus, it is important that consumers deal only with credit card companies that report credit limits on their accounts.7 Credit scores have varying meaning. The higher the score, the better the credit rating. Generally, a credit score can vary from 300-850, in which most scores fall within the range of 600 and 700. A sub-prime loan, which is a boundary between a standard loan and a higher cost loan, is generally tantamount to a credit score of 620. An easier time to obtain credit and a likewise ability to obtain it on better terms and at a lower cost is the implication of a higher credit score.8 The credit bureau and a model developer need to validate a model that will be utilized for credit scoring. Developers often perform additional validations on independent samples before releasing a model, in order to be assured of the model's predictive capability.9 Pincetich, et al10 suggests that in order that a credit bureau score may be used effectively, it is important that accounts are analyzed to determine how the score relates to a specific situation, such as delinquency or bankruptcy. Although the scoring logarithm remains the same, the performance related to each score may possibly vary according to user. Hence, a

Parthenon, Acropolis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Parthenon, Acropolis - Essay Example The construction of the building began under rules and orders from Pericles to illustrate the wealth, mighty and exuberance of the Athenian authority in managing their issues. The structure derived its name from a cult effigy of Athena Parthenos that is normally in the eastern room of the structure. The elegant and magnificent design was erected of ivory and entailed gold and was initially sculptured by a renowned sculptor and designer Phidias during his hey days. The sculptor derived his skills from the intense faith and beliefs the Greek dedicated most buildings and structures to gods. For instance, the Acropolis based structure as it was dedicated to Athena to be grateful the Goddess for their continuous prosperity and success (Peter et al., 254). The construction and finishing of the Parthenon were lastly finished around 432 BC. Significantly, the structure proved to the world the domination and supremacy of Athens. This is because, during that time structure illustrated development of regions (Korina et al., 78). The cosmic preponderance of the money applied on the construction was collected from the established Delian League funds. The league was an accord between the Greek various states in league designed against the Persian Empire, which was enormously controlling the close by territories (Clair, 84). To create a favorable environment for the erection of the building two years prior to the beginning of construction of the Parthenon, the larger Athenians struck a peace accord with their adversaries the Persians ending the war. From there, the League continued with its existence and afterwards the league stopped assuming the roles of mutual defense on Persia but became a portion of the Athenian larger Empire. The theory w as properly reinforced after the Athens decided to move the Leagues reserves from the Pan-Hellenic haven at Delos to the Parthenon called Opisthodomos room. The piecework was highly magnificent construction to look at

Consider three different definitions of insanityMNaughten (cognitive Essay

Consider three different definitions of insanityMNaughten (cognitive interpretation), MNaughten (affective interpretation), and the American Legal Institute - Essay Example This requirement, however, would seem to exculpate cold or vicious criminal who victimize innocent people without experiencing sympathy or remorse. However, the insanity defense certainly is not intended to exculpate such criminals. The mere fact neither the psychopathology nor the lack of usual affective responses would exculpate independently does not establish that the conjunction of the two factors should not excuse. Simple ignorance of wrongfulness should not be enough for excuse. It is defined as, "at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease or defect, (lacks) substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality [wrongfulness] of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law." As A.L.I is the modified version of the M'Naghten standard and by exchanging the word 'appreciate' with 'know' give a broadened meaning to the concept and thus, that makes it more effective than M'Naghten rules of insanity defense. When 'know' is interpreted to mean simple that the defendant was the aware of the fact what he was doing. The Model Penal Code has a caveat to the insanity defense that initially appears to exclude the psychopath from using it. Schopp. Robert. Automatism, Insanity, and the Psychology of Criminal Responsibility: A Philosophical Inquiry. 1991.

Imports of French Wine in China

Imports of French Wine in China Report on French wine from France to China France shared about one third of the import wine market in China. And China is now the fifth biggest export destination for French wine. In Figure 1, we briefly describe the main process of French wine from France to China. Figure 1. Main Process of French Wine Supply chain The supplier in the supply chain is the French vineyard. The manufacturer, winery, purchase the grapes from the vineyard and ship the wine to bottling estate. The French wine import company, as the distributor, import different brands of French wine and then distribute all the French wine to retailers in China such as Carrefour and Walmart. At last, Chinese customers can buy French wine from these retailers. Regarding to the organizational network in this case, wineries or agencies of the import companies play the role of shipper. And the import companies play the role of consignee. At port of arrival, the financial flows are from import companies which is the distributor to the forwarder and bank; from forwarder to customs, inspection authorities, on carriers and shipping line agent; from shipping line agents to port authorities, port services, customs and terminal operators. At port of departure, the financial flows are from shipping line agents to port authorities, customs, port s ervices and terminal operator; from forwarders to insurance companies, pre-carriers and shipping line agents; from wineries or agents of import companies, which are the shippers in this case, to the forwarder. And connect the organizational network in ports of departure together with the network in ports of arrival, the financial flow also exists from banks in ports of arrival to banks in ports of departure and from banks in ports of departure to the wineries or agents of import companies. When it comes to the logistics network, the goods flows generally follow the main process of the supply chain. Wines are bottled by bottling estates and stuffed in empty containers and then transported to the export terminals. Containers with wines then collected and loaded on sea vessels and arrive import terminals. At last, after discharged from sea vessels, wines can be collected by import companies and distributed to retailers. If we put the supply chain processes into a cycle view, the procur ement cycle is between wineries/bottling estates and vineyards/bottles suppliers. The manufacturing cycle is between wineries/bottling estates and French wine import companies. The replenishment cycle is between French wine import companies and retailers such as Carrefour and Wal-mart. And the customer order cycle is between retailers and customers such as restaurants and individuals. On the other hand, if restaurants or other customers place orders directly to the import companies, the import companies bypass the retailer such as Carrefour and Wal-mart, then the customer order cycle will be between customers and import companies, and the replenishment and manufacturing cycle will be between import companies and wineries. If we put the supply chain in a push/pull view, retailers execute the process in the customer order cycle after the customer order arrives. All processes that are part of the customer order cycle are pull processes. And other processes from suppliers to retailers a re push processes because they respond to speculated rather than actual demand. If we also take direct order from customers to import companies into consideration, the push/pull boundary will be between import companies and customers, and import companies will be the actual retailers in this situation. There are several transport activities involve in French wine. First, vineyards ship fresh grapes to the wineries. Second, wineries will use the producing process to brew wine. Third, wines will be transported to bottling estates to subpackage them to wine bottles or just handled by bulk in barrels. Meanwhile, empty bottles and corks are transported to bottling estates for bottling French wines. No matter what kind of packages, bottles or bulk, wine will be loaded to containers. The containers which load wine bottles or barrels will be shipped by sea transport or air transports. Figure 2. Sea transport route from France (Paris) to China (Shanghai) The sea transport route from France (Port Rouen) to China (Shanghai) is mainly through the Suez Canal and showed in Figure 2. After wine arrive at the port, they will be stored in warehouse of distributors. When Distributors received orders from retailors, they will ship the wine to retailors’ warehouse and customers are able to purchase French wines from retailors, just like Wal-mart or the shop of vintner. On the other hand, some big customers, for instance, hotels will give orders directly to the distributors to get French wine and they store wines in their cellar. The main packages used to transport wines are barreled or bottled, they will all be loaded into containers for further sea transport or air way which we mentioned above. However, bottled wines are more popular than bulk ones to individual custumers and restaurants. Due to glass bottles are fragile cargo, transport requirements are undoubtedly more higher than normal goods. Reefer containers are requested for several types of wines to maintain the transport temperature at about 10 degree centigrade, which cause transport costs for wines are higher. For French wines, storage and handling procedure happen in all process of supply chain. The storage of fresh grape in vineyards and wineries. The wines stored during manufacturing procedure and warehouses of distributors and retailors. The main handling process of French wines to China is container ship voyage and showed in figure. After arriving at China port, wines will be discharged from containers and sent to distributors’ wareho use. Finally wines will be delivered to final destination that is retailors’ shops according to retailors’ order. This is the main logistics network design of French wine to China. To assess important supply chain characteristics of French wine to China, we have to understand French wines’ characteristics and their customers. The transport requirements of French wines are high due to the frangibility of glass bottles and a constant temperature is requested in the whole supply chain of French wine. On the other hand, French wines are variable and classified to different levels, from Vin de Table to A.O.C so that target customers are totally different. As a result of that, the uncertainty of French wines to China are higher than normal beverage supply chain, such as fruit juice or bears. From the book of Sunil Chopra and Peter Meindl, supply chain responsiveness including the definitions: â€Å"Respond to wide ranges of quantities demanded; Meet short lead times; Handle a large variety of products; Build highly innovative products; Meet a high service level and Handle supply uncertainty†. Based on Chinese custom reportà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’Chinese imports of wines increased from 2.86 hundred million in 2010 to reach 3.95 hundred million in 2012. French wines share about one of third import wine market of China. The quantities and variety of French wines increasingly raised and their characteristics of high value-added than normal beverage require a higher service level. From the question 3, we estimate the transport and warehousing costs of the final product price which we notice the transport cost of French wine to China are higher than normal beverage like Coca-Cola is about 6% of final price. So supply chain efficiency of French wine supply chain is not great due to costs of manufacturing and delivering to customer is not average compared to other beverage supply chain. â€Å"The Great Wall† wine is a famous wine brand in China which manufacture in Hebei Province and all its supplier is from China. It is very clear that the transport cost, labor cost and material cost are obviously lower than French wines that manufactured in France and bottled in France. And the target market of â€Å"The Great Wall† is focus on the low-end market so that the price of â€Å"The Great Wall† is also lower than some brands of French wines. A normal bottle of â€Å"The Great Wall† retail price in 750 ml is about 3 to 5 euro and a French one is about 10 to 15 euro. According to a Chinese wine information website, the profit of French wines in China is about 30%~50% and Chinese wines are only about 11% which is much lower than French wine. From the aspect of supply chain characteristics, Chinese wines are not like French wines, the brand of Chinese wines are much less and manufactured by only several big companies. Due to focal warehouse and m anufacture with headquarter in China, Chinese wines supply chain can use minimize inventory and pursue the lowest cost of transport. â€Å"The Great Wall† can predict the market more accurate than French wine company and the uncertainty of domestic supply chain is lower. The conclusion is that â€Å"The Great Wall† wine compared to French wine supply chain is less responsive. However, its supply chain efficiency is greater than French brands imported from France. After evaluating the supply chain of French wine from France to China and comparing it with local brands, we conclude that the supply chain has some disadvantages as follows. Firstly, due to the sea transportation part, the transportation costs are much higher for French wine than those for local brands. Secondly, a French wine costomer places greater emphasis not on quantity of the product but the product variety and response time than on cost. So that wineries need to base their competitive strategies on costomer priorities. However, also due to the sea transportation part, wineries may fail to response immediately to costomers’ orders of French wines of different year. For example, once a costomer want one bottle of French wine produced in 2004, and he can’t find it in Carrefour and Wal-mart, he will turn to local brands’ products. To solve this problem, our idea is to build a new vineyard and chateau in China. Through this new strategy design of supply chain, wineries are able to transport French wines by road or railway instead of sea transportation, which can dramatically reduce the transportation costs for wineries. Furthermore, wineries don’t need to cooperate with import companies anymore and take over the role of distributor, which can increase the supply chain ownership. Last but not least, this new supply chain strategy also fit the competitive strategy better since wineries can response immediately to costomers’ priority of product variety. On the other hand, it takes time for wineries to build local vineyard and chateau in China, so they have to keep the old supply chain strategy before the local vineyard and chateau are built. Besides, the investment in China also influence the profit of wineries in the short run. But we believe that the new strategy is much better and it worth the investment in a long run. References Searates database (2015), †Sea Route from Paris to Shanghai†, Searates,  http://www.searates.com/services/routes-explorer/?filter-st=1from=alat=48.856614alng=2.3522219000000177to=blat=31.230416blng=121.473701container= derived in 2015.1.10 Chopra S, Meindl P. Supply chain management. Strategy, planning operation [M]. Gabler, 2007. Weining Du, French Wine Importation and distribution in Shanghai [D]. East China University of Science and Technology, 2010. Xudong Pan, A study on China Coca-Cola Supply Chain Model [D]. Xiamen University, 2002. Anonymous (2012), â€Å"Statistics report about 2012 Import wines†, wine.cn,  http://www.wine.cn/html/201302/17560.html derived in 2015.1.11 Great Wall Wine Staff (2015), â€Å" Brand Introduction of Great Wall Wine†, Great Wall Wine,  http://www.greatwallwine.com.cn/pinpaijieshao.html derived in 2015.1.10

Animal Farm as a Fable Essay -- Literary Analysis, George Orwell

Everyone has encountered Aesop's fables at some point in their life. Aesop is the most renowned author of fables; a fable can be any â€Å"short tale to teach a moral lesson, often with animals or inanimate objects as characters† (â€Å"Fable†). For example, Animal Farm by George Orwell can be considered a fable. In this novel, the animals on Manor Farm rebel against their oppressive dictator, Mr. Jones, forming Animal Farm. However, after the rebellion, the animals allow the pigs to take over, who become the oppressive dictators who abuse the animals; Animal Farm has come full circle. It is rather obvious that the characters and events in Animal Farm are parallels to the rise and revolution of Communism in Russia. But why would Orwell write a fable instead of a political novel? One reason is prominent among many. By writing a fable, Orwell is able to incorporate traditional morals from well-known fables into his novel, Animal Farm; The morals from â€Å"The Ass and th e Old Shepherd,† â€Å"The Hawk, the Kite, and the Pigeons,† and â€Å"The Lion’s Share.† Orwell uses the universal moral from â€Å"The Ass and the Old Shepherd† to defend a similar moral on government. In Animal Farm, the story opens on Manor Farm, which is run by the oppressive Mr. Jones. The animals are â€Å"born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; and the very instant that our usefulness has come to an end we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty† (Orwell 28). The animals rebel and form their own farm: Animal Farm. They drive Jones out, and allow those of a higher intellect (the pigs) to take over. One dissolute pig named Napoleon now has absolute power over the farm, an... ...â€Å"The Hawk†), and â€Å"You may share the labors of the great, but you will not share the spoils†(â€Å"The Lion's†). These morals can also be found in famous fables by authors like Aesop or La Fontaine, which proves their validity. If the same moral can be applied in two different situations, (the fables and the novel) it is more likely to impact other situations outside of literature, in the lives of the readers. This is why Orwell decided to use a fable; he wanted to be able to include the morals that could affect real people. He wanted to warn lower classes everywhere of these important points in a novel that a plebeian might actually read. By writing a fable, Orwell is able to support the morals in his novel by incorporating traditional morals; â€Å"Mr. Orwell has worked out his theme with a simplicity, a wit, and a dryness that are closer to La Fontaine and Gay† (Wilson 51).

Inclusive Classrooms Essay

The Success of Inclusive Classrooms Introduction Inclusive classroom is the cause of debates between families with children who have learning disabilities and those that do not have children with learning disabilities (Brehm, 2003). Inclusion can be understood as Brehm states it, Providing to all students, including those with significant disabilities, equitable opportunities to receive effective education; services, with the needed supplementary aids and support services, in age-appropriate classrooms in their neighborhood schools, in order to prepare students for productive lives as full members of society. (2003, p. 89) With the collaboration of the school and home, inclusive classrooms can be successful. Students who have learning disabilities and those who do not have learning disabilities will have the opportunity to develop in a personal fashion, social relationships, and helps students with learning disabilities become â€Å"productive†¦ as full members of society† (Brehm, 2003, p. 89). Inclusive classrooms are consistent with the law that all students should be educated in the least restrictive environment (Banerji & Dailey, 1995). Results Some are opposed inclusion because they believe it will be costly for the school. One school wanted to test inclusive classrooms in their own school and to see the effects. They froze their budget so the public cannot attribute their success to an increase in expenses (Van Dyke, Stallings, & Colley, 1995). Their per-pupil expenditures for students with learning  disabilities were slightly lower than neighboring schools. Since all students were included in the general education the budget was reformed (not increased) to support that. For example, the school did not have to provide separate transportation for students with special needs nor did the district have to pay private tuition for the students they could not accommodate. The school had â€Å"educational supplies† as opposed to separate supplies for the regular education classes and the special education classes (Van Dyke, et al. 1995). Another criticism is that the training needed for teachers, the workshops for school staff, and the collaboration that is needed to make inclusion successful will take a lot of extra time (Van Dyke, et al. 1995). That is true. However, the training and education teachers receive is valuable and improves their teaching to typical students and special students. The benefits that are gained by all students is worth the time (Benerji & Dailey, 1995). Lastly, after a few trainings teachers learn how to run an inclusive classroom so less time is needed for workshops. If we implement the proper education for inclusion in college, teachers will begin teaching with greater skills and knowledge of how to run an inclusive classroom. Another concern is that students with learning disabilities do not necessarily do better academically in an inclusive setting compared to the special education classes. Through research it has been found that after one year of inclusive classrooms in three different districts, 54% of the students with learning disabilities learned what they were e xpected to (Zigmund, Jenkins, Fuchs, & Fafard, 1995). That number was only given after one year of inclusion classroom. The success stories will keep growing if inclusion is done with the right focus and method. Classrooms are an introduction to the community that we live in. Children with disabilities need to be in regular classrooms to help them prepare for the challenges that will arise in the â€Å"real world,† (Van Dyke, et al. 1995). Segregating students puts a label on them that they are different and are therefore treated differently. But, really they are apart our community so they should be part of our schools (Van Dyke, et al. 1995). As, Van Dyke, Stallings, and Colley state, â€Å"To be truly prepared to take part in the real world as adults, children with disabilities need to be educated in language rich classrooms and to interact daily with peers who are appropriate role models† (p. 475, 1995). There are tremendous social gains for students in inclusive  environments. Included students have higher peer ratings and are more accepted compared to students in the resource program (Brehm, 2003). According to the research that was done by Benjeri and Dailey (2003), students with learning disabilities improved in their self-esteem and motivation. Students also changed in their social behavior, which helped them make friends and be part of a group of friends (Benjeri & Dailey, 2003). In addition, students learned to care for one another, to learn and work together. One teacher reported that while all the students were at free play, the teachers were standing around and watching them. One teacher jokingly said that the teachers were not needed anymore because the students have learned to interact and problem solve with one another without the intervention of a teacher (Benjeri & Dailey, 1995). The students without disabilities also gain from inclusive classrooms. Firstly, students learned to accept all types of people no matter what they look like and value the differences of their classmates. They learned that everyone has something valuable to share. Students were less afraid of their classmates that looked or behaved differently. The students learning effected the parents too. In an ethnographic yearlong study it was found t hat students became more tolerant with others as a result of their awareness of their peers with disabilities (Staub & Peck, 1994). Additionally, the study has shown that students developed positive feeling of themselves after they helped or spent time with a peer who was disabled. Their self-esteem was increased as a result of their interactions with their peers. They felt that their â€Å"helping role† with a disabled peer elevated their status in the classroom and gave them a stronger sense of belonging. The relationships between students with all different types of abilities were strong, meaningful, and long-lasting friendships (Staub & Peck, 1994). We can facilitate successful inclusion in our classrooms with the right intervention, approaches, and supports. Most importantly, there must be collaboration between the school psychologist or social worker, the special education teacher, the general education teacher, the principal, and the home. Everyone has to be informed a nd in agreement. When there is unity between all the parties involved in a child’s education, the child has a sense of security and can be educated in the best possible way (Van Dyke, et al., 1995). Support systems must be put in place for the teachers to turn to for advice and to help with instruction in the  classroom. The teachers should meet with a special education teacher and teacher consultant to discuss strategies for their classroom. Every classroom should have a general education teacher and a special education teacher who will be in the classroom for a part of the day and a co-teacher. Trainings and workshops should be given to educate teachers about effective inclusion and instruction (Van Dyke, et al., 1995). One up-and-coming new style of teaching is known as the Universal Design for Learning (UDL). This style of teaching meets the needs of all learners. UDL encourages teachers to create a flexible curriculum that is customized for each student. It allows students to progress from where they are and not where one imagines them to be. For an inclusive classroom, UDL is especially important because there are different learners and each child needs to learn at his o wn pace (www.udlcenter.org). The curriculum should include visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles. Assistive technology such as alternative keyboards, electronic pointing devices, Sip-and-puff systems, wands and sticks, joysticks, trackballs, touch screens, should be available for any student. Assistive technology makes the classroom a friendlier place for a student who needs it. UDL offers different ways for students to express themselves and what they have learned. Students learn how to self-regulate their emotions and motivations. They don’t just learn information rather, they learn skills in how to learn and process information. They also expand their executive functioning which helps them set goals for themselves, monitor their progress, and control impulsions (www.udlcenter.org). Discussion Based on the research that was read, inclusion is an ideal way of teaching our children about the world and social relationships. The classroom is a model of a child’s community. Every child belongs to a community and so does every child deserve the chance to receive the best education in the least restrictive environment (Van Dyke, et al., 1995). Inclusive classrooms teach the skills and life lessons to all the students of all types of abilities. Students develop healthier self-esteems, learn how to interact with each other and problem solve together. Students become more accepting of others differences and learn to look out for each individuals unique traits. Inclusion removes the labels that make others different and not good enough.  It lets the classroom be a growing place for all no matter the disabilities (Van Dyke, et al., 1995). The key to Inclusion is communication. The school and the home must be involved in aspects of the child’s education . Teachers need to be trained and taught how to be effective in an inclusive classroom (Van Dyke, et al., 1995). Additionally, UDL will help the curriculum be shaped to help each child succeed in their own way (www.udlcener.org). The limitations of this paper is that it does not state what types of disabilities should be included in the classroom and at what level of functioning a student must be to be included. The paper does not discuss whether a pull out program may be needed or not and to what extent it can be used. References: Benerji, M., Dailey, R. A. (1995). A Study of the Effects of an Inclusive Model on Students with Specific Learning Disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28(8), p511-522. doi: 10.1177/002221949502800806 Brehm, K. (2003). Lessons to Be Learned and the End of the Day. School Psychology Quarterly, 18(1), p.88-95. doi:10.1521/scpq.18.1.88.20875 http://www.udlcenter.org/ Staub, D., Peck, C. A. (1994). What Are the Outcomes for Nondisabled Students? Educaional Leadership, 6, p36-40. Retrieved from http://rdas-proxy.mercy.edu:3176/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=4bf1b7b5-27eb-4c47-9b29-43509138eaff%40sessionmgr110&vid=4&hid=125 Van Dyke, R., Stallings, M. A., Colley, K. (1995). How to Build an Inclusive Community: A Success Story. Phi Delta Kappan, 76, p475-479. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/218474563?accountid=12387 Zigmond, N., Jenkins, J., Fuchs, L. S., Fafard, M. (1995). Special Education in Restructured Schools: Findings from Three Multi-Year Studies. Phi Delta Kappan, 76(7), p531-540. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/218510466?accountid=12387

Finance case study. Explain two methods that John and Jackson might have used to finance the business start up. Essay Example

Finance case study. Explain two methods that John and Jackson might have used to finance the business start up. Essay Example Finance case study. Explain two methods that John and Jackson might have used to finance the business start up. Essay Finance case study. Explain two methods that John and Jackson might have used to finance the business start up. Essay Outline the main costs and revenues for the business (4 marks) AO1: Kn: State start up costs and running costs AO2: Ap: state costs that are relevant to their business Costs of a business are outgoings and examples for John and Jacksons business are machinery, materials for washing ie: sponges and liquids, rent of the premises and space, as well as furnishings for the waiting area ie: TV and seating. Revenues is money coming into the company from customers, the main revenues are from car washing, car care products and coffee and snacks. : Explain two methods that John and Jackson might have used to finance the business start up. (4 marks) AO1: Kn: State to possible ways of financing AO2: Ap ; An: Provide a detailed explanation The first method that can be used to set up their business is their own savings, this is beneficial as there would be no interest charged on this money, however if the business does not do well they would have lost their money. They could also ask friends and family to invest in the business although to do this they would need to set up as a private limited company. The car wash machine will cost around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15,000 , john and Jackson have left themselves the choice of: (12 marks) a. Borrowing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15,000 from Jacksons father, for which he would want a shareholding b. Borrowing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15,000 from a 5 year bank loan, secured on the machine Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each possible source. Recommend which would be best. Give reasons for your answer. AO1: Kn: show understanding of the different sources of finance AO2: Ap An: discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both methods AO3 / 4: Ev: making a judgement which one is better and why. Borrowing the money from Jacksons father would be beneficial because there would be no interest on the loan and the money could be obtained easily and quickly allowing them to get on with starting the business, they also may not need to pay the money back immediately which will help initially with cash flow. However, if the father has put a large amount of money into the business he will in time expect a share of the profits which will mean less profit for John and Jackson. In addition to this Jacksons father may also expect a say in the way they should run the business and this could lead to disputes. Borrowing the money from the bank could be beneficial as unlike Jacksons father the bank will not interfere in how the business is run and although the money will need to be paid back once the loan has been paid back the bank would not expect any future payment from the profits that are made. However the bank loan will have to be paid back with interest, if the interest rates rise then the monthly payments will increase this can have an effect on cash flow as suddenly the business outgoings could be more than in comings and therefore no cash running through the business for buying supplies, this can have a very negative effect on the business. Also if the business is not successful and does not make any profit the loan will still have to be paid back to the bank, they may have to sell off their assets and personal belongings especially if they are a partnership with unlimited liability. With this in mind I think it would be better in the first instance for them to borrow the money from Jacksons father because although this may lead to less profits for each of the owners and possible disputes it is less risky until the business is up and running and proves to be a success. The cash flow problems associated with interest payments on loans could force them out of business.

Opression And Puritian Ideals

Opression And Puritian Ideals Most of the readings from this semester were from the Puritan Era. It was the beginning of the American dream and the ideals that go along with it. Ideals like home of the free, and land of the brave; but we have seen through the writings of the time this was not totally true. America was home of the free if you were a white male. All minorities and women were oppressed during this time and these practices came to be law until this century. We see this ideals form in both the writing of the Puritans along with the writings of the minorities of that time. John Smith and Jonathan Edwards are two writers that wrote about oppression from the side of the white male. Olaudah Equiano, Harriet Beecher Stowe were two black people who wrote about the oppression they endured. Mary White Rowlandson was a women, but also a Puritan who was kidnapped by Indians, so even though she is a woman, she writes to oppress the Native American people.Signature of United States author Harriet Beecher ...John Smith was one of the founders of America; he was one of the first groups of settlers trying to tame this land. Taming the land to Smith meant taming and controlling the Indians of the land. He saw them were uncultured and savage who needed to be out into their place. This is seen in his writing "Advertisement for the Unexperienced Planters of new England, or Anywhere, Or the Path way to Experience to Erect a Plantation", he talks about using all the riches and resources of the land of the good of the English and to oppress the Indians of their land and wealth. "The Warres in Europe, Asia, and Africa, taught me how to subdue the wild Salvages in Virginia and New England,

Comparison of Boston and Oxford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison of Boston and Oxford - Essay Example The city of Boston, on the other hand, has what could be described as a continental climate, such as is quite common in New England. Summers are typically hot and humid, while winters are cold, windy and snowy. Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore affect Boston, minimizing the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. Boston is surrounded by the "Greater Boston" region, and bordered by the cities and towns of Winthrop, Revere, Chelsea, Everett, Somerville, Cambridge, Watertown, Newton, Brookline, Needham, Dedham, Canton, Milton, and Quincy. The River Charles forms the boundary between Boston city, Watertown, Cambridge and neighboring Charlestown. The Boston Harbor lies eastward of the city, with the city's Harbor Islands National Recreational Area. Another river, the Neponset River separates Boston's southern neighborhoods from the town of Milton and Quincy city. Also, "The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, while Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Boston proper."   There are quite a number of colleges and universities in both cities, and it would probably be a difficult and close choice when deciding which of these cities one  should go to school in.  The environment of both cities is conducive for learning, and they are both home to two of the best universities in the world, Boston University and Oxford University.

Tale Of Genji Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tale Of Genji - Essay Example Art and literature flourished in Japan even in ancient times. Japanese writings showed that ancient Japanese placed great premium on culture such as painting, poetry, prose, music, dramatic performances and all genres of literature. Ancient writers and artists i.e. poets, musicians, painters were then hailed as an elite group who were notches above the rest and special groups of people to be venerated and esteemed with high regard. And such writings showed that these predilections and love for art and literature even pre-dated that of European and American passion for art and literature. However, it had been claimed that most of these writings were mere oral literature because the Japanese failed to independently devise their own kind of syllabaric script and thus failed to find a means of recording their language. Thus, most of this oral literature perished (Keene 19). It was only when the Japanese (and the Koreans, too) discovered the Chinese Kanji script, the ancient Chinese metho d of writing that the Japanese were able to put into writing the works of their writers who then described the high level of culture in ancient Japan (Snowling & Hulme 23). Yet, many of this oral literature were luckily integrated into Japan’s first known surviving book, the Kojiki or â€Å"Record of Ancient Matters†. This book featured poetry, songs, myths, legends, customs and traditions, language and ancient Japanese history (Chamberlain i,ii).

Growth Strategies to Achieve Competitive Advantage Essay

Growth Strategies to Achieve Competitive Advantage - Essay Example Business growth is nothing but a double-edged sword. If it is well managed and properly controlled, it would definitely provide remarkable rewards to the shareholders as well as to the leaders of the emerging organization. But when growth is uncontrolled and poorly planned it might results in financial misery and failure (Sherman, A. J. July 13, 2006). Effective planning and management are crucial for sustaining the growth for a long time. Lack of effective planning and management would result to attack by the creditors, competitors, creative takeover specialists and hostile employees. The central question that needs to be asked regarding this topic is what strategies ought to be followed in facilitating growth. Apart from this central question, there could be various sub-questions which would be associated with the business structure, availability of the capital, time and market condition. The central question focus on the strategies that are required for growth. Without proper stra tegy, no management can keep the organization on the growth track. These strategies would be based on the structure of the organization, availability of the capital, time and market condition. As a result, these factors would be the main focus of the sub-questions. XYZ power utility company is operating in a developing state of Southern Africa. The company is a state-operated company; as a result, there is lack of efficiency in company’s operation. There could be various growth strategies for such a company. Ansoff matrix is one of the most useful growth strategies which are widely used in the industry. There are four strategies in Ansoff matrix. These are market penetration, product development, Market development, and diversification. In market penetration strategy organization tries to grow with its existing product within its existing market. In product development strategy firm introduces a new product in the existing market. In market development strategy firm identifies a new market for its existing product and finally in diversification strategy firm introduce a new product in a totally new market (Valuebasedmanagement.net, n.d.).

The Country Wife- Contextual Section Essay Example for Free

The Country Wife- Contextual Section Essay William Wycherley wrote The Country Wife in 1675 during the Restoration Period in England. He was born in 1641 at Clive Hall near Shrewsbury to a wealthy family, and he was educated in France where he spent most of his youth. Once Charles II was restored, he returned to England to study at Oxford, and then became a fine, fashionable gentleman in London, of strong intellectual power. There he was able to observe the attitudes and actions of similarly constituted social groups, whom would later be the basis of his plays. The Country Wife is a Restoration Comedy as it was written during the forty years after the restoration of King Charles II to the English throne. He had a particular passion for the theatre, and its development during this period was largely down to him. The civil war in 1642- the Puritan Revolution- had seen his father Charles I beheaded and Oliver Cromwell become the leader of England. This eighteen-year period- the interregnum- saw the puritans discourage and eventually completely ban drama, due to its connections with the monarchy and its immoral non-puritan values. After King Charles II was restored and therefore theatre, there was a general feeling of happiness and freedom in the country. People were interested in enjoying themselves after the long period of drudgery, thus increasing the popularity of theatre. The plays themselves were much more cheerful compared to the Elizabethan and Jacobean plays that they had proceeded, prompting the introduction of the Comedy of Manners. People wanted to laugh. There were other huge differences to how English Theatre was pre 1642. There were machinery allowing objects to fly and move, and there was moveable scenery permitting plays to be divided into scenes. This aided comedy of manners productions like The Country Wife to create a sense of deceit by allowing characters to hide and make numerous entrances and exits for example. However, the greatest change was that women were allowed on the stage. This was a novelty and plays were then able to use their sex appeal and flirtatiousness to include raunchier storylines, such as Horner and his many conquests in The Country Wife. Actresses spoke the prologue and epilogue, to charm the audience into applause and they established a sexual commerce with them. Many of the actresses entered the profession as orange sellers, and their talent as actresses was questioned due to their frequent liaisons with the aristocracy, including the King and Samuel Pepys. This is where the sexual connotations of oranges in The Country Wife originate.

Fall Dance Concert Review Art Essay

Fall Dance Concert Review Art Essay The performance that was observed was not lively as evidenced by the various features. The performance did not make most of the people in the audience to scream. Even the crowd was not cheerful as the performance went on and it showed that the crowd was not moved by the performance. However the dancers looked organized from the way they were entering the stage. I expected a more lively performance that could ignite the audience from the beginning to the end. Push /pull This piece had both men and women with different costumes that also differentiated them. The dance had a total of five dancers and they were dancing to some sort of soul music beats. The music lacked vocals. The stage was brightly lit such that the movement of each dancer could be noticed easily. The color of the costumes could easily be differentiated. The dancers had good costumes with the men having blue trousers and black tops. This made a common costume for the two gentlemen. The ladies costumes were not similar as in the case of the men. They wore shorts of different colors one with white and the other two with black .The ladies top costumes were sleeveless and off different colors for instance yellow light blue and violet. The theme that ran throughout the dance was acrobatic in outlook or some dance competition. From the type of song that was chosen to the costumes and the movements, the dancers express some sort of acrobatic presentation that can entertain the audience. This is a typical dance for music and drama festival events where the dancers are competing against other participants. This has been articulated by the nature of their costumes and the coordinated moves that were being made by the male and female dancers. Such a dance can be compared to the TV show dances that bring out talents in dancing. Movement such as the downward spin has become very common amongst the young dancers. The costume is also typical of the mode of dressing that has characterized TV competition dances. The movements of the dances were unique and uniformed. Both the men and women were making similar movements with their bodies. The up movements with legs apart was very common followed by the downward spins that were well executed by both men and women dancers. From my evaluation, the dance was well executed and the dancers had mastered their movements. They were all going with the same rhythm during the dance. The costumes of the ladies however could have been matched in a better way. As evidenced in the dance, their movements are an illustration of common choreographic movements that have become common in competitions today. Incline The dance had a total of ten dancers who participated in pairs of two. The stage was not lit well and it was difficult to see the faces of the dancers but their movements could be seen. The costumes of the dance were characterized with official wear consisting of shirts and long trousers for the male dancers. The color was dominated by black and white. There was no uniform color in the costumes of the dancers. This was of a formal dance with invited guest. There were different shades of color both in the male and female costume. The lady dancers were dressed in red and white dresses with a wide conical base. The dancers were responding to the classical music that was being enjoyed by most of them. The dance was rather slow and smooth with the male dances holding the female dancers and turning them round. The theme that dominates the entire dance is that of partying or some sort of celebration. This has been depicted by the nature of their costumes. The dancers seemed to be in a party ing mood. For instance this is typical of marriage celebration dances with partners holding each other and turning around to the slow and smooth music from the background. The movements that were being made by the dancers were not coordinated as in the case of competition dancers. Particularly, the male dancers seemed to be relaxed and did not make much movement without the lady dancers. At some instances the male dancer was observed holding the female ones suspended in the air. This is a very common style of dancing for party dances and has featured in the dance. Such a style has been observed quite often in the TV and in movies. Mostly in the soap operas, the dancing style is common during party and celebration scenes. In my evaluation I can point out that the dance was well executed. The movements of the dancers seemed to be right although the male dancers were almost appearing stationary. Most of the movements are done by the lady dancers. The costume was ok considering that the dance might not be for competition but rather for religious or other celebration. Even though the dancers were not consistently in the rhythm of the classical music, they have depicted good movements such as the rotations that make the dance livelier. The dance was simple and can even be perfumed by the older people. However what can be looked into in the costumes in the color choice that seemed not to be reflecting consistency especially with one dancer in red and others in white and black costumes. Overall I did not enjoy the dance to the fullest, though it was a bit entertaining with some of the unique movements depicted. The music played was not my favorite hence it determined my attitude towards the dance. This is definitely not what I expected in the concert because I did not witness the dancers swing to my favorite tunes. To make it worse, in the first dance, there were just beats only and no vocals. The concert is a reflection of what has been covered in the lectures specifically on the part of costumes, music and the theme. From the lectures it has been possible to make an interpretation about the themes that are portrayed by the two dances in the concert.

Natural Selection, Scale, and Cultural Evolution Essay -- Natural Selec

Evolution can be seen throughout all aspects of life, but for each aspect evolution does not occur in the same process. In his article entitled â€Å"Natural Selection, Scale, and Cultural Evolution,† Dunnell emphasizes and explains why evolution has made such a small impact on archaeology. Cultural evolution and biological evolution are not the same. Biological evolution uses theoretical propositions that explain the mechanisms of biological adaptation and evolution. The laws of cultural evolution â€Å"are not theoretical propositions but rather empirical generalizations† (Dunnell, 1996: 25). Cultural evolution does not explain the differences among the occurrences cultural phenomena. Dunnell’s main goal is to effectively formulate ways to integrate evolutionary characteristics and anthropological theory (Dunnell, 1996). Dunnell believed that evolutionary biology is a better method to explain evolution in cultural anthropology and archaeology rather than cultural evolution. The main problem with biological evolution is the dilemma of altruistic behavior in humans, which is the exact opposite of natural selection. Dunnell states that altruistic behavior is â€Å"the ultimate of the selfish principles† (Dunnell 1996: 26). The original solution to the issue of altruistic behavior was thought to be to change the scale of which natural selection works from that of the individual to the group. However, Dunnell gives three reasons why this change usually would not work. First, the individual, not the group, is the mean by which the reproductivity occurs. Second, the individual is the mean by which observable characteristics show themselves. Finally, changes in higher levels of ranking in society, such as that of the group, are too slow for ... ...a â€Å"culture† (Dunnell 1988). After a forty years absence, the cultural evolution method was revived in the mid-twentieth century. At first, many rejected the revival of this method, even though they were still using some aspects of the method, i.e. the stages of a cultures development. The twentieth century cultural evolution method differed from the earlier model in a few ways, but the main difference was in the definition of â€Å"progress.† During the nineteenth century, â€Å"progress† was broadly defined as â€Å"the betterment or similarity to modern European culture† (Dunnell, 1988; pg 176-177). During the twentieth century, however, â€Å"progress† took the definition of â€Å" the increase in the amount of energy captured by society† (Dunnell, 1988; pg 177). This simply means that the â€Å"least developed† cultures used less energy than â€Å"more developed† cultures (Dunnell, 1988).

Do violent video games cause behavior problems? Essay

Violence in video games lead to violent outbreaks and bad behaviour in real life, many people believe so. Are these violent video games moulding and fuelling today’s generation of young minds to a more violent side, forgetting the idea that these games are solely for entertainment purposes. Many studies have taken place surrounding this idea, giving valid points to both sides of the topic. Video games are extremely popular all over the world, connecting people through the internet allowing them to interact with one another through a cyber-portal for entertainment, with varying genres of games from card games, first person shooter’s, racing or even 3D strategy games. These games connect millions of people all around the world, gamers spending countless hours glued to screens looking at a bunch of pixels. These games are evolving every year, as technology gets better so do the games, with more realistic graphics, sound effects and scenarios. So with this, the violent game s are also becoming far more realistic, violent and aggressive. Are these prolonged hours spent playing these games damaging these people’s minds? Many of the violent war games being released today have age restrictions on them, R16 or R18 warning people of the violent content the game has, however this does not stop underage people getting their hands on them. In the article â€Å"Video games and youth violence: A prospective Analysis in Adolescents† written by Christopher J Ferguson, it quotes â€Å"The potential influence of violent video games on youth violence remains an issue of concern for psychologists† , stating that this topic is widely concerning to many people. Many studies have taken place to look into whether or not these games are causing bad behaviour, but in this article Christopher J Ferguson states that none of these studies have developed well validated measures of youth violence caused by the games. This article also points out that having depressive symptoms can lead to violent outbreaks due to antisocial traits with the individual, and gaming is an antisocial activity, therefore these games attract to those who  already have these depressive symptoms and the potential to act out violently. And the violent game has nothing to do with making the person violent, as these potential issues are there prior t o the individual even playing the game. There have been many studies based around violence in video games, whether it is elevated blood pressure, aggressive behaviour or violent outbreaks. A study led by Brock University PhD student Paul Adachi has proved that yes these violent games are causing aggressive behaviour, but this is based on how competitive the game is and not due to the violence. Therefore a non-violent game that is equally competitive will lead the user to show similar aggressive behaviour. In many cases, like the 1999 Columbine High school massacre where Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold killed 12 students, one teacher, and injuring 21 other students before turning the guns on themselves. It was well known that the two teenagers who committed this extreme violent act were excessive players of the violent video game called â€Å"Doom 3D†, in which the player embarks on defending mars from aliens with large automatic weapons. A lot of people claim that this game caused the two to violently outbreak into the massacre, however there is no proof, and once again, the game has not caused anyone else, out of its millions of players over the years to commit t he same heinous crime, Eric and Dylan were capable of these crimes before playing the game, it is however a possibility that the game helped their psychopathic views to be glorified. Where normal people do not have these psychopathic traits in the first place and play games like this for entertainment only. Children failing in school can become violent or show aggressive behaviour due to the low academic marks and failing to achieve, and many studies state that video games cause children to fail school, thus leading to violent aggressive behaviour. This is falsely accusing video games based upon facts that can be associated with various other activities. Spending six hours a day watching TV, shopping, or sleeping will just as equally affect your school grades, it is down to the individual how they use their time effectively. In the article â€Å"Violent video games do not cause aggression† written by Lester Haines, it states that the university of Illinois carried out studies regarding the possible link between violent video games and real world aggression, concluding their findings from their first long term study to show that the violent games â€Å"did not cause any substantial increase in said aggression†. Violent video  games bring millions of people around the world entertainment, and social interaction through the internet connecting them with other gamers, who have similar interests. Allowing interaction through talking and playing the game, there are many people who believe that these violent video games are causing many people to act out violently, recreating what they see or play in these games. Blaming these games for people’s actions is obscured. If someone is capable of committing extreme violent acts, or acting in an aggressive manor, they were capable of it well before they took part in playing a computer game. It is down to the individual who plays these games to act responsible, know right from wrong, and play the games for entertainment only. Violence is not just in video games, it is everywhere and all around us. Works Cited Poole, S. (2000, Apr 26). Parents 2: Healthy living: Video games will make your kids violent and more likely to fail at school, according to new research. nothing could be further from the truth, says games junkie steven poole. The Guardian, pp. 16-2.16. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/245514814?accountid=8440Ferguson, C. J. (2011). Video games and youth violence: A prospective analysis in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(4), 377-377-391. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/858659823?accountid=8440Keenan, T. (2008, Apr 04). Do some video games encourage violence?; one former soldier thinks that this type of entertainment is teaching kids to kill. Nanaimo Daily News, pp. C.6. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/361607229?accountid=8440Study finds competition in video games, not violence, causes aggression. (2011, Sep 03 ). Daily Gleaner, pp. C.4. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/887134689?accountid=8440Grace Shin. (2008). Video Games. A Cause of Violence and Aggression.Retrieved from http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/exchange/node/1723Lester Haines, (2005, Aug 15), Violent video games do not cause aggression, retrieved fromhttp://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/08/15/video_games_and_aggression/

Graduated Sanctions essayEssay Writing Service

Graduated Sanctions essayEssay Writing Service Graduated Sanctions essay Graduated Sanctions essayThe systems of up-bringing, motivation, control of young generations have always been important and developed, aiming at increase of young people’s self-consciousness and accountability. One of effective recently developed approaches is considered to be juvenile graduated sanctions. The programs of graduated sanctions, supported by the use of valid decision making instruments, help to ensure that intervention services for youth are appropriately identified (Matese, 1997, p.2). Graduated sanctions reveal the best perspectives for community based corrections, especially for young people, providing the appropriate correction, control and support methods and guaranteeing the reduction of recidivism cases.Further this paper will be concentrated upon definition of graduated sanctions, the key levels of interventions, discussion of possible helpful resources, related to graduated sanctions.First of all it is necessary to be clear about the notion of â€Å"gr aduated sanctions†, generally it is defined as â€Å"a set of integrated intervention strategies designed to operate in unison to enhance accountability, ensure public safety, and reduce recidivism by preventing future delinquent behavior† (Matese, 1997, p. 2). The major aim of using such system is concrete subdivision of crimes, committed by young people, when limited interventions are used in case of less serious offenses, whereas more restrictive ones follow some serious crimes. â€Å"Graduated sanctions systems make use of a â€Å"multi-tiered continuum† of intervention of services and programs that allows the juvenile justice system to match these to specific characteristic of the juvenile offender† (DeComo Wiebush, 2005, p. 5). Any system of graduated sanctions usually consists of three components: â€Å"the program component, the assessment and decision making component, and the management information component† (DeComo Wiebush, 2005, p 6). It is necessary to mention, that there is a long list of possible synonyms to the word â€Å"sanctions† in this case, like fore example graduated responses, graduated consequences and so on. According to certain number of specialists in the sphere of juvenile justice, the term â€Å"sanctions† is absolutely not an appropriate term for the system, the main aim of which is to support young people in making correct choices and avoid continued criminal activities and actions. On the other hand, there is a need to have constant and stable control over the situation with juvenile delinquency.The wide discussion of such sanction systems started around 1997, when the Congress of America provided 16.5 million for development and support of such programs for young people. â€Å"The funds were to specifically support Innovative Local Law Enforcement and Community Policing (ILLECP)) programs in states that provided assurance that they had in effect, or were working on these kinds of programs† (Wilson Howell, 1993, p. 13). One of the key tasks of these programs was to control the application of accountability based sanctions to all young offenders and criminals in correspondence to their actions.As soon as graded sanctions are discussed, it is necessary to comment in detail upon each of the levels, of which there are usually five pointed out: immediate sanctions, intermediate sanctions, community confinement, secure confinement, after care.Immediate sanctions are usually applied in case of non- chronic offenders for not serious crimes. They belong to the early intervention system of sanctions, aimed at correcting illegal behavior and provision of the necessary services. â€Å"Typical immediate sanctions include community service, restitution, curfew restrictions, informal supervisions, and mandated involvement in short-term programs (shoplifter program or substance abuse education)† (Matese, 1997, p. 8). The cases of diversion from formal court processing are the most frequent basis for application of immediate sanctions.The second level sanctions are called intermediate sanctions. Logically, they come after immediate sanctions, in case juveniles continue their type of crinimal behavior. Also sometimes intermediate sanctions are good for violent offenders, who are inclined to special forms of supervision, probation and corrections.Community confinement includes sanctions useful for well developed community – based settings. Special programs are worked out for the young individuals, who committed property crimes or crimes against other individuals. In such cases the risk of recidivism is minimal, if any, and there is no need to take the offender out of his home atmosphere for treatment.The next level of sanctions, secure confinement, is usually applied towards chronic law-breakers or juveniles, committing serious crimes with violent delinquency. Typically, these young people are inclined to recidivism, and this fact should be considered, when choosing the sanctions system. For such offenders there are special correctional facilities created, mostly, they are small institutions with concrete treatment organization and orientation, because they are proved to have much stronger impact than large institutions.The final level of sanctions received the name – after care, from this it is already clear, that we are talking about the system of sanctions, which should be applied to the offenders at the moment of their return to the usual life, to the community after going through secure care. This level is of the highest importance to all categories of offenders, integrating back into social life. â€Å"A model after care program referred to as intensive supervision program should consist of the following elements:1) short term transitional placement in secure confinement, 2) day treatment, 3) outreach and tracking, 4) intensive supervision, 5) routine supervision, and 6) case closure† (Wi lson Howell, 1993, p. 25).According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, a certain list of risk factors needs to be considered before working out the course of graduated sanctions to a concrete offender. The list of these individual factors includes: â€Å"drug dealing, antisocial behavior, gang involvement and physical aggression; family factors including sibling gang involvement and parental absenteeism; school factors like frequent absences and academic failure; poverty and violence in the neighborhood; and peer behavior like drug and alcohol use and gang activity† (Matese, 1997, p. 10). All these risk factors play vitally important role for the choice of the correction program, which in its turn is responsible for preventing recidivism. Usually young offenders are aware of the fact, that there is a possibility of application of tougher sanctions and graduated sanctions in this care play a perfect crime preventive role. This is one of the serious advantages of graduated sanctions systems, because it allows applying the treatment method which is neither too hard nor too mild and is the best to prevent recidivism in some concrete case. Enough attention, which is paid to the individuality of the offender, is one of the ways to reduce the repeated offenses.When working out the system of graduated sanctions it is necessary to consider the application of decision making instruments. On the one hand the system of graduated sanctions is responsible for making young people accountable for their behavior and for the choices young offenders make; on the other hand, there is a strong need in creation of concrete range of programs and services, which would support young people in their â€Å"decision-making processes†, i.e. providing treatment interventions and services, helping to create a structured decision making model, in accordance young people’s needs and supporting them.Graduated sanctions are in many ways connected to community corrections, the main target of which is to guarantee public safety and help to avoid future criminal behavior (Wilson Howell, 1993, p. 26). Most of the prisoners and criminal offenders would have to reenter the communities again, and unfortunately this process might be rather sophisticated especially for young people, who get quickly used to the schedule and rules of some controlled environment and might get lost, when they cross the borders of it. â€Å"Returning prisoners usually face five challenges: substance abuse, physical and mental health, negative peer pressure, employment and housing† (Matese, 1997, p. 12). In order not to make them cope with these challenges alone and to avoid the risk of recidivism, it is necessary to provide the community corrections services.Overall, this paper is devoted to the problem of graduated sanctions in relation to community-based corrections; for better understanding of the importance of the graduated sanctions and thei r potential for juvenile offenders it was necessary to study the notion of graduated sanctions, the five levels of their application and finally their relation to community based corrections. It is evident, that the system of graded sanction has sufficient advantages, especially for the juvenile offenders and for their further correction processes.